Shell Tips !

Forgot a command or a shortcut in your favorite shell ? Here is a small help sheet with most used commands !

I read it some times for remember me some useful shortcuts that can help you to work faster with bash shell. I does this help sheet sometimes ago and never take time to finish it correctly. May be I’ll do a better version when I’ll have more time :-)
Bash help sheet thema : wildcards, escape keys bounds, tabs keys bounds, controls keys bounds, alt keys bounds…

Download it :
bash help sheet in pdf

bash help sheet in jpg

The correct way to start the apache server is to use the apachectl command.

apachectl stop

apachectl start

apachectl graceful

You can also check your configuration files.

apachectl configtest

A common error is probably this one :

(98)Address already in use: make_sock: could not bind to address 0.0.0.0:443

no listening sockets available, shutting down

This is caused by one or more processes running on the 443 (secure socket) port. You can get all the process ID’s that are running on this port with the command fuser or a more classical “ps auxww” with a less readable format.

nicolas@grimm:~$ fuser 443/tcp

443/tcp: 7977 6815 9819 35217

Now you just have to do a kill on those process.

nicolas@grimm:~$ kill -9 7977 6815 9819 35217

Or in a more sys admin useful way :

nicolas@grimm:~$ kill -9 $(fuse 443/tcp 2>/dev/null)

Other typical error would be those following :

(28)No space left on device: Couldn’t create accept lock

or

(28)No space left on device: mod_rewrite: could not create rewrite_log_lock Configuration Failed

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If you have change your rc file of your favorites bash (like ~/.bashrc in “bash“), you can reload it easly by using “exec“. Just type the following command line :

nicolas@grimm:~/$ exec bash

Exec replace the current process image with a new process image . So, now if you add aliases in your ~/.bash_aliases, just use “exec bash” and you could use your aliases in your current terminal. This way is also useful if you want to change your current shell without spawn another process. I mean, if you have a box where your login shell is a classical “sh“, you can also do an “exec bash“, that will replace your current shell by a friendly one.